More
specifically, the review by a panel of global experts stated that
drinking beverages at temperatures above 65 degrees Celsius -- 149
degrees Fahrenheit -- could cause people to develop cancer of their
esophagus, the eighth most common form of cancer worldwide.
Drinking
tea, coffee or other hot beverages at this temperature can cause
significant scald burns in the esophagus when they're consumed and has
previously been linked to an increased cancer risk in this part of the body.
Warm
beverages are not typically consumed this hot in Europe and North
America but are commonly served at, or above, this temperature in
regions such as South America, the Middle East and East Africa --
particularly when drinking teas. It's hotter than water coming out of
sink faucets, which is typically no higher than about 140 degrees
Fahrenheit (60 degrees Celsius), but not as hot as boiling water. Water
boils at 100 degrees Celsius, or 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
The 65-degree Celsius temperature noted by the cancer research agency is enough to burn your tongue, and and according to the
American Burn Association, skin contact with a liquid this hot can result in almost instantaneous burns if prolonged.
Getting hot
The
findings come after a group of 23 international scientists analyzed all
available data on the carcinogenicity of coffee, maté -- a leaf
infusion consumed commonly in South America and other regions -- and a
range of other hot beverages, including tea. They decided that drinks
consumed at very hot temperatures were linked to cancer of the esophagus
in humans.
The new classification puts consuming very hot drinks in the same risk group as exposure to substances such as
lead, gasoline and exhaust fumes, which are also classified as "possibly carcinogenic"
by the agency. Use of
talcum powder on the perineal or anal regions of the body is also within this category.
Evidence
for the findings was limited, but studies in China, Iran, Turkey and
South America found positive associations between the risk of this form
of cancer and temperatures at which drinks were consumed. Forms of tea,
including the leaf infusion maté, are typically drunk at extremely high
temperatures, above 158 degrees Fahrenheit (70 degrees Celsius) in these
regions, according to the agency.
"These
results suggest that drinking very hot beverages is one probable cause
of esophageal cancer and that it is the temperature, rather than the
drinks themselves, that appears to be responsible," said Dr. Christopher
Wild, director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Consumers
in industrialized countries can stay calm, as they typically drink
their beverages with less heat. "This is about 10 degrees [Celsius]
higher than people in North America [and Europe] like their coffee,"
said
Dana Loomis, deputy head of the monographs section at the cancer research agency that led the review.
Individually,
coffee and maté did not have conclusive evidence for any cancer-causing
effects when served at cool or warm temperatures, meaning the drinks
themselves were not classified as carcinogenic.
Esophageal cancer was responsible for approximately 400,000 recorded deaths worldwide in 2012, about 5% of all cancer deaths.
Though
smoking and drinking alcohol are major causes of esophageal cancer,
particularly in high-income countries, the majority of cases globally
for this form of cancer occur in parts of Asia, South America and East
Africa.
"[Here], drinking very hot
beverages is common, and the reasons for this high incidence of this
cancer are not well-understood," Wild said.
The
Tea Advisory Panel in the United Kingdom has responded to the
classification by highlighting that tea is drunk at lower temperatures
in the UK and that most people add milk.
"Tea
drinkers in the UK can continue to enjoy tea in the traditional way
with a drop of milk, which ensures that the temperature of tea sits
within safe limits," said the panel's Tim Bond. "A
study by UK burns doctors found that a cup of tea with 10 milliliters of milk cooled to less than 65 degrees Celsius within five minutes."
Re-classifying coffee
The
International Agency for Research on Cancer classified coffee as
"possibly carcinogenic to humans" in 1991, based on limited evidence,
but the increased number of studies and evidence available since then
led to its re-evaluation during the review.
The
group analyzed more than 1,000 studies and decided there was inadequate
evidence for any cancer-causing effects linked to drinking coffee
itself, away from the temperature at which it is served.
The report stated coffee was "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans."
"Many
epidemiological studies showed that coffee drinking had no carcinogenic
effects for cancers of the pancreas, female breast and prostate, and
reduced risks were seen for cancers of the liver and uterine
endometrium," the report said.
Evidence for any other cancers linked to drinking coffee was also inconclusive.
The
National Coffee Association in the United States welcomed the new
classification. "This is great news for coffee drinkers and confirms
evidence from an avalanche of studies by highly respected and
independent scientists," said National Coffee Association President Bill
Murray. "Today, we can brew or buy a cup with even more confidence
thanks to science."
The heat emanating from a coffee cup, or any hot drink, remains a risk, and
previous studies have suggested an optimal drinking temperature of 136 degrees Fahrenheit (57.8 degrees Celsius) or below.
Consuming cancer
The findings come after a string of similar reports that link food and drink to cancer.
A
2015 study
found that only 10% to 30% of cancers occur naturally in people's
bodies, suggesting that most cancers are, in fact, a result of
environmental factors.
In October, the WHO announced results from a report that linked people eating
processed meat,
such as sausages and ham, to cancer. Based on evidence from hundreds of
studies, processed meat was classified as carcinogenic to humans.
Unprocessed red meat was classified as
probably carcinogenic.
Recent studies have linked
Western diets with increased risk of
colon and prostate cancer. Men eating mostly a Western diet were found to
have 2.5 times the risk of
dying from prostate cancer. A Western diet is typically considered to
be low in fiber and high in refined sugars, saturated fats and animal
protein.
This week, the
Environmental Working Group
released findings that more than 400 known cancer-causing chemicals
have been found in the bodies of Americans during research studies.
After
a review of more than 1,000 biomonitoring studies, the group found that
up to 420 chemicals known or likely to cause cancer have been detected
in blood, urine, hair and other human samples. Nine of these was
identified to be above safety limits assigned by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and posing non-trivial cancer risks in most Americans, according to the review.
"The
presence of a toxic chemical in our bodies does not necessarily mean it
will cause harm, but this report details the astounding number of
carcinogens we are exposed to in almost every part of life that are
building up in our systems," said Curt DellaValle, a senior scientist at
the Environmental Working Group and author of the report. "At any given
time, some people may harbor dozens or hundreds of cancer-causing
chemicals. This troubling truth underscores the need for greater
awareness of our everyday exposure to chemicals and how to avoid them."
